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A state legal code codifying this institution that modified the shari’a was espoused by the Fatwa-i- Jahandari of Zīauddin Baranī. A variant of this institution contains quoms characterized by biradari. Parvez Hanif argues that some scholars use the Ghadir Khumm Khutba’s elevation of the ahl al-bayt to explain this institution while ignoring the main injunction of the Farewell Sermon. (*) Pasamanda Muslims’ difference from sayyid Muslims due to this system has been leveraged by the RSS to draw votes. Ajlaf and arzal Muslims may “ashrafize” their names to Siddiqui or Khan to evade this institution’s (-5[1])effects because they do not qualify for “Scheduled” status. (-5[1])Muslim historians have dubiously hypothesized that this system drove Sindhi conversions to Islam. For 10 points, name this system of social stratification that privileges South Asian Muslims of Persian and Hindu Brahmin descent. (10[2]) ■END■

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